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Олменд старожил
в ответ Mutaborr13 17.11.04 07:38
└...само слово "фермер" - позднее возникло, чем немецкие крестьяне перебрались в Россию...⌠
Слово "farmer" возникло после отмены крепостного права. Немецкие колонисты никогда не были крепостными, кроме тех, которые в поволжье были дегенерированы в ранг крепостных, и именно тех можно и называть крестьянами.
Сколько процентов они составляли ? - пусть нам об этом расскажет господин Кригер.
A farmer is a person who is engaged in agrarian business Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals. Agriculture is also known as farming.
...
In developed nations, a farmer (as a profession) is usually defined as someone with an ownership interest in crops or livestock, and who provides labour or management in their production. Those who provide only labour but not management, and do not have ownership, are most often called farmhands, or, if they supervise a leased strip of land growing only one crop, as sharecroppers or croppers. In the context of agribusiness, a farmer can be almost anyone - and can legally qualify under agricultural policy for various subsidies, incentives and tax reliefs.
Because of this diversity of terms, and the availability of money for those who "qualify" as farmers, grower is a more neutral word for this lifeway.
The Dutch word for farmer is boer, from which the Boer people of South Africa took their name.
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Farmer
Allan Kulikoff, From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers.
http://www.common-place.org/vol-01/no-03/reviews/kulikoff.shtml
...But from the early seventeenth century to the end of the nineteenth, most Americans lived on small farms. In 1800 three-quarters of Americans worked on farms and plantations. Until 1880 half the labor force worked in agriculture; and even as late as 1920 half the population lived in the countryside or in small towns. The independent yeoman farmers of folklore were the people that Jefferson eulogized as "the chosen people of God." By aiming at "a big history of small farmers" (xi),
Kulikoff is undoubtedly tackling a vital subject, of critical significance for much of American history. A substantial majority of American colonists lived on the land they owned; their independence was rooted in landownership.... Furthermore, if the rise of capitalism in America is to be understood, it must encompass the small family farm. The American road to capitalism was strewn not so much with landlords, tenants, and wage laborers, but rather with yeoman farmers.
...On the eve of the American Revolution, landholding farmers enjoyed remarkable prosperity.... The book ends by looking forward into the nineteenth century when an "empire of freeholders, spreading endlessly into the west, made an old land forever new, turned potential wage laborers into independent farmers, and sustained an agrarian way of life--based on energetic labor by the entire family, subsistence production, neighborly exchange, sale of surpluses, and movement to new lands--for more than a century" (292).
... Far fewer Englishmen emigrated than in the preceding century; newcomers to America were primarily Ulster Protestants, Scottish Highlanders, and German-speakers, and many of them acquired land, especially if they moved to the backcountry...
....A more serious criticism is that some of Kulikoff's arguments and characterizations are either idiosyncratic or internally contradictory. The term peasant is inappropriate for early modern farmers in England. Seventeenth-century England's small farmers, a standard authority tells us, "were far from being peasant farmers concerned only to provide for their families' needs . . . and for most, market opportunities were the first factor to consider in their husbandry." After stressing how much early modern English farmers were peasants, Kulikoff mentions in passing that by the middle of the seventeenth century "the peasantry had disappeared." Immigrants to the New World, then, were not exactly displaced peasants...
One particular puzzle is Kulikoff's delimitation of his subject as a study of small farmers. America's so-called small farmers were not so small by any contemporary standard. Their farms generally ranged from twenty-five to two hundred acres. By a European or global yardstick, such acreages were large. In comparative terms such farmers were not small farmers at all....
___________________________
~Wer lesen kann, ist im Vorteil~
Слово "farmer" возникло после отмены крепостного права. Немецкие колонисты никогда не были крепостными, кроме тех, которые в поволжье были дегенерированы в ранг крепостных, и именно тех можно и называть крестьянами.
Сколько процентов они составляли ? - пусть нам об этом расскажет господин Кригер.
A farmer is a person who is engaged in agrarian business Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals. Agriculture is also known as farming.
...
In developed nations, a farmer (as a profession) is usually defined as someone with an ownership interest in crops or livestock, and who provides labour or management in their production. Those who provide only labour but not management, and do not have ownership, are most often called farmhands, or, if they supervise a leased strip of land growing only one crop, as sharecroppers or croppers. In the context of agribusiness, a farmer can be almost anyone - and can legally qualify under agricultural policy for various subsidies, incentives and tax reliefs.
Because of this diversity of terms, and the availability of money for those who "qualify" as farmers, grower is a more neutral word for this lifeway.
The Dutch word for farmer is boer, from which the Boer people of South Africa took their name.
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Farmer
Allan Kulikoff, From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers.
http://www.common-place.org/vol-01/no-03/reviews/kulikoff.shtml
...But from the early seventeenth century to the end of the nineteenth, most Americans lived on small farms. In 1800 three-quarters of Americans worked on farms and plantations. Until 1880 half the labor force worked in agriculture; and even as late as 1920 half the population lived in the countryside or in small towns. The independent yeoman farmers of folklore were the people that Jefferson eulogized as "the chosen people of God." By aiming at "a big history of small farmers" (xi),
Kulikoff is undoubtedly tackling a vital subject, of critical significance for much of American history. A substantial majority of American colonists lived on the land they owned; their independence was rooted in landownership.... Furthermore, if the rise of capitalism in America is to be understood, it must encompass the small family farm. The American road to capitalism was strewn not so much with landlords, tenants, and wage laborers, but rather with yeoman farmers.
...On the eve of the American Revolution, landholding farmers enjoyed remarkable prosperity.... The book ends by looking forward into the nineteenth century when an "empire of freeholders, spreading endlessly into the west, made an old land forever new, turned potential wage laborers into independent farmers, and sustained an agrarian way of life--based on energetic labor by the entire family, subsistence production, neighborly exchange, sale of surpluses, and movement to new lands--for more than a century" (292).
... Far fewer Englishmen emigrated than in the preceding century; newcomers to America were primarily Ulster Protestants, Scottish Highlanders, and German-speakers, and many of them acquired land, especially if they moved to the backcountry...
....A more serious criticism is that some of Kulikoff's arguments and characterizations are either idiosyncratic or internally contradictory. The term peasant is inappropriate for early modern farmers in England. Seventeenth-century England's small farmers, a standard authority tells us, "were far from being peasant farmers concerned only to provide for their families' needs . . . and for most, market opportunities were the first factor to consider in their husbandry." After stressing how much early modern English farmers were peasants, Kulikoff mentions in passing that by the middle of the seventeenth century "the peasantry had disappeared." Immigrants to the New World, then, were not exactly displaced peasants...
One particular puzzle is Kulikoff's delimitation of his subject as a study of small farmers. America's so-called small farmers were not so small by any contemporary standard. Their farms generally ranged from twenty-five to two hundred acres. By a European or global yardstick, such acreages were large. In comparative terms such farmers were not small farmers at all....
___________________________
~Wer lesen kann, ist im Vorteil~