Вход на сайт
Апокалиптическое мышление
2265 просмотров
Перейти к просмотру всей ветки
Олменд знакомое лицо
в ответ Вика 15.06.04 09:33, Последний раз изменено 15.06.04 23:07 (Олменд)
Там же далее говорится о том, что династия Юань просуществовала всего около 100 лет, после чего монголы были изгнаны...
Ваши знания английского более чем скромны. Монголы лишились власти (знать), но их никто никуда (кроме элиты) не изганял.
Тем более, что они за сто лет уже успели перемешаться с китайцами. Вся китайская армия состояла из монголов, ктороые превратились в китайцев.
Власть переняли окитаившиеся потомки монгол.
Потребовалось несколько десятилетий, чтобы Китай постепенно обрел привычную для него норму существования. На протяжении этих десятилетий с нарастающей активностью действовали свойственные ему ассимиляционные и адаптирующие факторы: восстанавливалось разрушенное кочевниками земледелие, затем и ремесло, торговля; рос объем налоговых поступлений (во второй половине Юань, по некоторым данным, в 20 раз против времен Хубилая,0); в администрацию снова шли конфуцианские чиновники (с 1317 г. начала функционировать система экзаменов,0); потомки первых монгольских правителей, нередко бравших китаянок в жены, все больше превращались в обычных китайцев.
http://china.kulichki.net/history/Vasilev/009.shtml
Yuan Dynasty
Although the Mongols were a Non-Chinese people that destroyed many empires and kingdoms from the Pacific rim to Eastern Europe and the Near East, they were also creators of new realms that should last for at least several decades. The Yuan Dynasty should survive a century. The Mongolian federation - that also comprised people of other ethnic groups - was not the first Non-Chinese dynasty on Chinese soil, and the Chinese rulers of Mongolian origin should also adopt Confucianism as their state doctrine, they should exert a civil government in the path of the traditional Chinese bureaucracy, and the Mongolian rulers should learn Chinese, wear Chinese clothes, follow Chinese customs and habits, write in Chinese and create Chinese paintings. Once more, the high civilized country of China seemed to be able to absorb a foreign ruling people.
Nonetheless the Mongol rule over China is somewhat different from the previous Non-Chinese realms (Northern Wei of the Tuoba , Liao of the Khitan , Jin of the Jurchen ) whose rulers and ruling peoples were gradually absorbed not only by Chinese culture but ethnically merged with the Chinese and became Chinese peasants. Ethnic separation between the Non-Chinese and Chinese was more or less exerted under all Non-Chinese dynasties, intermarriages were forbidden, and Chinese officials could only obtain certain posts within the governmental structure. But all older Non-Chinese rulers had to rely on Chinese experts to create an effective central government with an organized bureaucratic structure. The Mongol rulers assumed an extreme position in the separation of different ethnic groups, and they relied mostly on Non-Chinese advisors in questions of government. When the Chinese rose against the brutal Mongol regime in the 1360es they were able to cast out the most part of the ruling Mongol "class" out of China.
The effects of the Mongol rule can be observed in two fields. Because Chinese intellectuals were prohibited to climb higher positions within the ladder of bureaucratic career they withdrew to inner immigration and engaged in arts and literature. Novels, vernacular literature and the popular theatre became literary genres acceptable for the higher educated. The second effect lies in the authoritarian style of the following Ming government.
http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Yuan/yuan.html
Ваши знания английского более чем скромны. Монголы лишились власти (знать), но их никто никуда (кроме элиты) не изганял.
Тем более, что они за сто лет уже успели перемешаться с китайцами. Вся китайская армия состояла из монголов, ктороые превратились в китайцев.
Власть переняли окитаившиеся потомки монгол.
Потребовалось несколько десятилетий, чтобы Китай постепенно обрел привычную для него норму существования. На протяжении этих десятилетий с нарастающей активностью действовали свойственные ему ассимиляционные и адаптирующие факторы: восстанавливалось разрушенное кочевниками земледелие, затем и ремесло, торговля; рос объем налоговых поступлений (во второй половине Юань, по некоторым данным, в 20 раз против времен Хубилая,0); в администрацию снова шли конфуцианские чиновники (с 1317 г. начала функционировать система экзаменов,0); потомки первых монгольских правителей, нередко бравших китаянок в жены, все больше превращались в обычных китайцев.
http://china.kulichki.net/history/Vasilev/009.shtml
Yuan Dynasty
Although the Mongols were a Non-Chinese people that destroyed many empires and kingdoms from the Pacific rim to Eastern Europe and the Near East, they were also creators of new realms that should last for at least several decades. The Yuan Dynasty should survive a century. The Mongolian federation - that also comprised people of other ethnic groups - was not the first Non-Chinese dynasty on Chinese soil, and the Chinese rulers of Mongolian origin should also adopt Confucianism as their state doctrine, they should exert a civil government in the path of the traditional Chinese bureaucracy, and the Mongolian rulers should learn Chinese, wear Chinese clothes, follow Chinese customs and habits, write in Chinese and create Chinese paintings. Once more, the high civilized country of China seemed to be able to absorb a foreign ruling people.
Nonetheless the Mongol rule over China is somewhat different from the previous Non-Chinese realms (Northern Wei of the Tuoba , Liao of the Khitan , Jin of the Jurchen ) whose rulers and ruling peoples were gradually absorbed not only by Chinese culture but ethnically merged with the Chinese and became Chinese peasants. Ethnic separation between the Non-Chinese and Chinese was more or less exerted under all Non-Chinese dynasties, intermarriages were forbidden, and Chinese officials could only obtain certain posts within the governmental structure. But all older Non-Chinese rulers had to rely on Chinese experts to create an effective central government with an organized bureaucratic structure. The Mongol rulers assumed an extreme position in the separation of different ethnic groups, and they relied mostly on Non-Chinese advisors in questions of government. When the Chinese rose against the brutal Mongol regime in the 1360es they were able to cast out the most part of the ruling Mongol "class" out of China.
The effects of the Mongol rule can be observed in two fields. Because Chinese intellectuals were prohibited to climb higher positions within the ladder of bureaucratic career they withdrew to inner immigration and engaged in arts and literature. Novels, vernacular literature and the popular theatre became literary genres acceptable for the higher educated. The second effect lies in the authoritarian style of the following Ming government.
http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Yuan/yuan.html