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List of countries the USA has bombed
09.04.03 17:27
в ответ Agnitum 09.04.03 13:40
Ну и что??????
Первых строк перевести хватило, чтоб понять об чём речь, я это случай с самолетом прекрасно помню, и с южнокорейским тоже┘.
Но вы-ж сами об бомбах просили говорить? Где тут бомбы (бомба это то что с самолёта сбрасывают, не знаю как вы это понимаете).
Не делай сегодня то что можно сделать завтра, потому что завтра это может не понадобится.
Первых строк перевести хватило, чтоб понять об чём речь, я это случай с самолетом прекрасно помню, и с южнокорейским тоже┘.
Но вы-ж сами об бомбах просили говорить? Где тут бомбы (бомба это то что с самолёта сбрасывают, не знаю как вы это понимаете).
Не делай сегодня то что можно сделать завтра, потому что завтра это может не понадобится.
10.04.03 06:59
в ответ Agnitum 09.04.03 17:30
------ Где тут бомбы
Окей я не верно выразился."бомбы ",было бы вернее.
------------
Дорогой Дойсекс, после долгих трудов по копированию абсолютно (в подавляющем большинстве) неинформативных сайтов, у Вас улучшилась транслитация.
Поэтому, надеюсь понятно что бомба она и в Африке бомба, но какие бомбометания вы имеете в виду по Боингам на высоте 10 тыщ метров?
Бомба имеет свойство падать вниз, согласно закону всемирного тяготения.
Знаете про гравитацию? Это когда Ньютону яблоко на голову упала он его (закон этот) и придумал.
Но, это ладно, вас тут и про другие страны из вашего списка спрашивают, а вы молчите.
Я как человек ленивый, начал просто с первых строк вашего списка ╚стран подвергшимся американским бомбеметаниям╩, про Китай уж и не спрашивал, чтоб совсем вас в лужу не садить (т.к. ничего вы о нём не знаете).
Но про 2й номер по списку (Корею) мне просто по многим причинам интересно, в т.ч. и по личным.
Прошу вас (повторно) расскажите, что там амерыканцы разбомбили?
Не делай сегодня то что можно сделать завтра, потому что завтра это может не понадобится.
Окей я не верно выразился."бомбы ",было бы вернее.
------------
Дорогой Дойсекс, после долгих трудов по копированию абсолютно (в подавляющем большинстве) неинформативных сайтов, у Вас улучшилась транслитация.
Поэтому, надеюсь понятно что бомба она и в Африке бомба, но какие бомбометания вы имеете в виду по Боингам на высоте 10 тыщ метров?
Бомба имеет свойство падать вниз, согласно закону всемирного тяготения.
Знаете про гравитацию? Это когда Ньютону яблоко на голову упала он его (закон этот) и придумал.
Но, это ладно, вас тут и про другие страны из вашего списка спрашивают, а вы молчите.
Я как человек ленивый, начал просто с первых строк вашего списка ╚стран подвергшимся американским бомбеметаниям╩, про Китай уж и не спрашивал, чтоб совсем вас в лужу не садить (т.к. ничего вы о нём не знаете).
Но про 2й номер по списку (Корею) мне просто по многим причинам интересно, в т.ч. и по личным.
Прошу вас (повторно) расскажите, что там амерыканцы разбомбили?
Не делай сегодня то что можно сделать завтра, потому что завтра это может не понадобится.
10.04.03 08:13
в ответ Altwad 10.04.03 06:59
В ответ на:------ Где тут бомбы
Окей я не верно выразился."бомбы ",было бы вернее.
------------
1 Дорогой Дойсекс,
после долгих трудов по копированию абсолютно (в подавляющем большинстве) неинформативных сайтов, у Вас улучшилась транслитация.
2 Поэтому, надеюсь понятно что бомба она и в Африке бомба, но какие бомбометания вы имеете в виду по Боингам на высоте 10 тыщ метров?
Бомба имеет свойство падать вниз, согласно закону всемирного тяготения.
Знаете про гравитацию? Это когда Ньютону яблоко на голову упала он его (закон этот) и придумал.
Но, это ладно, вас тут и про другие страны из вашего списка спрашивают, а вы молчите.
Я как человек ленивый, начал просто с первых строк вашего списка ╚стран подвергшимся американским бомбеметаниям╩, про Китай уж и не спрашивал, чтоб совсем вас в лужу не садить (т.к. ничего вы о н╦м не знаете).
Но про 2й номер по списку (Корею) мне просто по многим причинам интересно, в т.ч. и по личным.
Прошу вас (повторно) расскажите, что там амерыканцы разбомбили?
1 Дорогой Дойсекс - Это Вы о КОм?
2 Господин подневоЛьно ЧернобЫлский Ликвидатор,
Ваши познания в области физики поражают, особенно в легенде о ЯблО/У/А-Ке и голове. Даже слова такие как Гравитация помите, видимо в Касахстане(Сибири? ) не так уж плохо учат.
К сожалению вынужден вам сообщить, што, написав бобмы в ответ Вам без кавычек, заранее ход ВАших ___линейных мыслей знал на перед. ("Надеваю портупею и тупею и тупею" - Это не Про Вас, это к слов о Служащих Армии (американской) )
Далее, видимо Зрение у Вас не очеНь
хорощее, или Вы не раличаете разницы между "бомбы" и бомбы. И посему в физику подались. Если Вы не понимаете, што автор саита и я имели в виду я так уж и быть - поясню. Речь шла о "наведении порядка" вояками <USA>.
И о лужах:
Пока што Вы и Почитатели Буша сами сидите в глубокой но не луже а ЖИже. Причем с каждым "выражением Своего Мнения" Вязкость Жыжы все боЛьше и боЛьше, поскольку Ни единого достойного "информативного" саита ВЫ - не предоставили. На все факты вы либо по-дестки Гигикаете, либо "говорите о своейм "наболевшем", но не в тему.
А фразу "Я как человек ленивый" говорите все Чаще и Чаще - этакая защита, "дескать доказатеЛьСтва есть, их тыщхи миллионов, я их видел, знаю
А ВЫ сами ищите."
Нет уж Ликвидатор, Укажите "Промахи", посадите в Лужу меня.
В ответ на:Но, это ладно, вас тут и про другие страны из вашего списка спрашивают, а вы молчите.
Кто? Ах Вы? Или кто-нить другой?
10.04.03 08:21
в ответ Agnitum 08.04.03 21:21
Без комментариев этот список мало чего говорит. Надо ли понимать так, что все поименованные в нём страны-оплот
демократии, расцвета свободы и народовластия, задушенные корыстолюбивым американским империализмом? Этот список, несомненно, выиграл бы в убедительности, если бы параллельно были указаны страны, в которых свободе был бы перекрыт кислород в братских объятиях СССР. Думаю, что он был бы подлиннеее.
демократии, расцвета свободы и народовластия, задушенные корыстолюбивым американским империализмом? Этот список, несомненно, выиграл бы в убедительности, если бы параллельно были указаны страны, в которых свободе был бы перекрыт кислород в братских объятиях СССР. Думаю, что он был бы подлиннеее.
10.04.03 08:41
в ответ Altwad 10.04.03 06:59
4 U 
http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/afhra/wwwroot/korean_war/korean_war_chronology/kwc_december1950.html
The U.S. Air Force's First War: Korea 1950-1953 Significant Events
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1950
December 1950
Pressured by overwhelming numbers of CCF troops, the U.S. Eighth Army withdrew from western North Korea. Far East Air Forces aided this withdrawal by a "reverse airlift" that allowed U.S. forces to take out most of their equipment and supplies. FEAF Combat Cargo Command airlifted food and ammunition to encircled elements of the X Corps and evacuated their sick and wounded troops. The X Corps' units concentrated at Hungnam, so that the UN forces could leave eastern North Korea by sea. By the end of the month, the UN line had fallen back to near the 38th parallel, and most of North Korea was back in communist hands.
Three USAF fighter groups withdrew from North to South Korea, reducing Fifth Air Force's ability to provide air support for both Eighth Army and X Corps at the same time. Nevertheless, effective Fifth Air Force attacks on Chinese Communist Forces forced them to abandon daytime movements. FEAF Bomber Command conducted almost daily B-29 raids against North Korean cities that served as enemy supply or communications centers, including Sinanju, Anju, Kanggye, Pyongyang, and Wonsan. Far East Air Forces embarked on a new interdiction plan that divided North Korea into ten zones. The zones made target destruction more systematic and allowed Far East Air Forces and U.S. Navy aviation to coordinate their missions better. FEAF F-86s and F-84s entered combat in North Korea to challenge communist MiG-15s flying from Manchurian sanctuaries.
The newly organized Boat Section of the 6160th Air Base Group (ABG) received one 104-foot boat, one sixty-three-foot boat, and two 24-footers, with which it conducted fifty-one search and rescue missions.
December 1: The USS Cape Esperance arrived in Japan with F-86 fighters of the 4th FIW. Fifth Air Force headquarters moved from Nagoya, Japan, to Seoul, South Korea, and its newly activated 314th Air Division assumed responsibility for the air defense of Japan. In the first prolonged MiG attack of the war, six MiG-15s engaged three B-29s for six minutes, damaging them considerably despite the F-80 escorts. FEAF Combat Cargo Command evacuated about 1,500 UN casualties from the Pyongyang area.
December 3: U.S. troops from the Changjin Reservoir area fought their way to Hagaru-ri, while a relief column from Hungnam fought its way toward them, reaching Koto-ri, about seven miles away. Communist troops prevented the two groups from linking and encircled them both, forcing them to rely on airlift for resupply.
December 4: MiG-15s shot down one of the three USAF Tornado reconnaissance aircraft in the theater, making the first successful jet bomber interception in airpower history.
December 5: UN forces abandoned Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, which they had held since October 19. Greek C-47s joined the FEAF Combat Cargo Command airlift to supply UN troops surrounded in northeastern Korea. The command evacuated 3,925 patients from Korea to Japan in the biggest day of the war for aeromedical airlift. Transports flew most of these from a frozen airstrip at Hagaru-ri. The U.S. Air Force suspended attacks on the Yalu River bridges, because enemy forces were crossing the frozen river on the ice.
December 6: The 27th Fighter Escort Wing (FEW), a Strategic Air Command unit from Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, began flying combat operations from Taegu, South Korea, introducing F-84 ThunderJet fighters to the war.
December 7: FEAF B-29s bombed North Korean towns in the Changjin Reservoir area to relieve enemy pressure on U.S. Marine and Army units attempting to break out from Hagaru-Ri and Koto-Ri. Troops in those two locations finally linked and built crude airstrips that allowed FEAF Combat Cargo Command airplanes to land food and ammunition and to evacuate casualties. Eight C-119s dropped bridge spans to the surrounded U.S. troops so that they could cross a 1,500-foot-deep gorge to break the enemy encirclement. This was the first air-dropped bridge in history of warfare.
December 10: A two-week FEAF Combat Cargo Command airlift for surrounded U.S. troops in northeastern Korea concluded after delivering 1,580 tons of supplies and equipment and moving almost 5,000 sick and wounded troops. Participating airlift units conducted 350 C-119 and C-47 flights.
December 11: The X Corps began loading on ships in Hungnam Harbor.
December 14: As Chinese forces approached, FEAF Combat Cargo Command began an aerial evacuation from Yonpo Airfield near Hamhung. A FEAF airplane dropped the first tarzon bomb to be used in Korea on a tunnel near Huichon, with limited effectiveness. The tarzon bomb was a six-ton version of the razon bomb, but generally it did not live up to expectations.
December 15: The 4 FIG inaugurated F-86 Sabrejet operations in Korea. FEAF Bomber Command launched its first mission in a new zone interdiction plan. ROK forces completed their withdrawal from Wonsan, North Korea, and the Eighth U.S. Army withdrew below the 38th parallel.
December 17: Lt. Col. Bruce H. Hinton, USAF, 4th FIG, scored the first F-86 aerial victory over a MiG-15 on the first day Sabres encountered communist jets. FEAF Combat Cargo Command abandoned Yonpo Airfield to communist forces, having transported in four days 228 patients, 3,891 other passengers, and 20,088 tons of cargo.
December 20: Twelve C-54s of the 61st TCG airlifted 806 South Korean orphans from Kimpo to Cheju-Do off the South Korean coast in Operation CHRISTMAS KIDLIFT.
December 22: One USN and five USAF pilots shot down six MiG-15s, the highest daily FEAF aerial victory credit total for the month, and the highest since June. A MiG-15 shot down an F-86 for the first time. Headquarters Fifth Air Force, Eighth U.S. Army in Korea headquarters, and the Joint Operations Center moved from Seoul to Taegu.
December 23: Three H-5 helicopter crews with fighter cover rescued eleven U.S. and twenty-four ROK soldiers from a field eight miles behind enemy lines. General Walker, Commander, Eighth U.S. Army, died in a vehicle accident north of Seoul.
December 24: X Corps completed the sea evacuation of Hungnam. More than 105,000 troops and 91,000 civilians had departed since the exodus began on December 11. USAF B-26s and U.S. Navy gunfire held the enemy at bay during the night as the last ships departed. The 3d ARS flew thirty-five liberated prisoners of war from enemy territory.
December 25: Chinese forces crossed the 38th parallel into South Korea.
December 26: Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway, USA, took command of the U.S. Eighth Army in Korea, as it absorbed X Corps.
December 29: From Taegu, RF-51 aircraft began flying tactical reconnaissance missions in Korea for the first time. They had longer ranges than their RF-80 predecessors.
December 31: Chinese Communist forces in Korea launched an offensive against UN troops south of the 38th parallel. General Ridgway ordered Eighth Army troops to a new defensive line seventy miles farther south.
January 1951
Early in January, the powerful new offensive by Chinese Communist and North Korean forces drove UN forces out of Seoul and nearby Kimpo and Suwon Airfields. The UN and communist ground forces fought a see-saw battle for the crossroads city of Wonju in north central South Korea. By mid-January, the enemy offensive had stalled on a line between Pyontaek on the west coast and Samchok on the east coast, partly because the UN Command retained air superiority over the front. By the end of the month, UN forces had launched a counter-offensive, forcing the enemy northward toward Seoul.
With the loss of Kimpo and Suwon Airfields, the U.S. Air Force moved most jet fighters to bases in Japan. From there, USAF F-86s did not have the range to reach the front easily, much less the MiG-infested skies of northwestern Korea. After almost two weeks out of combat, the Fifth Air Force returned some Sabres to Korea to test their capabilities in new missions of armed reconnaissance and close air support. These flew air to ground missions from Taegu, where F-80s and F-84s also continued to operate. communist jet fighters remained at their Yalu River bases and for the first nineteen days of January only occasionally challenged U.S. aircraft over North Korea. Lacking the range and air-to-ground weapons, enemy jets did not provide any air support for communist ground troops. Despite severe winter weather that sometimes curtailed sorties during January, Fifth Air Force conducted extremely destructive close air support missions for UN forces, killing or wounding an estimated 18,750 enemy troops. C-47s embarked on new roles-dropping flares in support of B-26 and F-82 night raids and serving as communications platforms to connect the Tactical Air Control Center, TACPs, and T-6 Mosquito airplanes.
FEAF Bomber Command raided enemy marshalling yards, airfields, and supply centers, dropping more than 6700 tons of bombs on over 720 sorties. Superfortress crews occasionally struck bridges with radio-guided bombs but largely avoided northwestern Korea, where they might have encountered scores of MiG-15s. In an air campaign intended to burn and destroy key North Korean cities, Bomber Command B-29s raided Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, with huge formations dropping incendiary bombs on the city. Targets of other major incendiary raids in North Korea included Hamhung, Kaesong, and Komusan. By the end of the month, FEAF Bomber Command, with a total force of about one hundred B-29s, was launching about twenty-four Superfortresses daily, rotating missions among the 19th, 98th, and 307th Bombardment Groups. The command also initiated B-29 night harassment attacks against North Korean cities during January.
Deprived of bases in the Seoul area, FEAF Combat Cargo Command could not easily respond to increased UN demands for airlift caused by rapid unit withdrawals and blocking of surface supply lines by heavy snow. Near the front lines, Eighth Army engineers bulldozed airstrips at Wonju and Chungju for the cargo landings, but Wonju fell into enemy hands, and frozen mud caused C-46 accidents at Chungju. The C-119s, which were too large to land at these airstrips, dropped supplies to UN forces in north central South Korea. Depending primarily on C-47 and C-119 airplanes, Combat Cargo Command delivered more than 14,000 tons of equipment and supplies; it also evacuated 10,000 combat casualties in South Korea during the first three weeks of January. Search and rescue units flew 452 missions, evacuating 112 critically wounded patients and rescuing sixteen soldiers from behind enemy lines. The Fifth Air Force's Boat Section conducted forty-two missions.
January 1952
The static, defensive-type ground warfare continued into January 1952. Meanwhile, UN warships and naval aircraft cooperated with Far East Air Forces in the interdiction of the enemy's supply network. The enemy countered UN air attacks with active air opposition and increasingly heavy antiaircraft fire. At Panmunjom, UN negotiators attempted to achieve an armistice; however communist intransigence, evasiveness, and procrastination thwarted their efforts.
Fifth Air Force tactical units directed most flights against railheads, communication lines, and highways over which the communists moved supplies and equipment to front-line positions. The fighter-bombers concentrated on rail-cutting missions but, when required, flew bombing, napalm, and rocket strikes in close support of Eighth Army ground forces. B-26 night intruders, aided by flare-dropping aircraft, directed attacks against enemy trucks, complimenting the daylight interdiction efforts of FEAF fighter-bombers. Other light bombers struck at enemy airfields, storage areas, rail junctions, and railroad rolling stock.
FEAF Bomber Command B-29s placed highest priority on North Korean airfields, which remained for the most part unusable. They also bombed marshalling yards, railroad by-pass bridges, and supply storage areas. The medium bomber aircrews used extreme caution to avoid bombing in the vicinity of reported POW camps. In addition, they flew nightly close air support missions, dropping 500-pound air fragmentation bombs over enemy troop concentrations.
Far East Air Forces flew numerous cargo, search and rescue, reconnaissance, and leaflet operations. The 315th AD airlifted 84,234 troops, 6,805 tons of cargo, and 2,041 medical evacuees. Search and rescue units flew 516 sorties. Helicopters evacuated 293 critically wounded patients from forward areas and rescued one pilot from behind enemy lines. C-47 and B-29 aircraft dropped psychological warfare leaflets to civilians and communist soldiers in enemy territory.
UN fighter sweeps provided protective aerial cover for fighter-bombers and inflicted costly losses on hostile MiG-15s, which made only sporadic attempts to interfere. During the month, UN pilots shot down thirty-two MiGs and damaged twenty-eight others. Although Far East Air Forces lost only five jets in aerial combat, it saw enemy ground fire destroy forty-four other aircraft. These had been engaged in low-level bombing runs and strafing sweeps.
February 1953
Ground activity along the front continued at a slow pace, characterized by patrol engagements and minor enemy probes. Intelligence revealed the enemy had built twelve new by-pass rail bridges. Fifth Air Force reconnaissance in the area immediately behind the enemy's front lines to some twenty miles to the rear gave very little evidence that the enemy was preparing to attack but did spot an influx of vehicles to replace those destroyed during weeks of FEAF attacks. Enemy antiaircraft weapons decreased to the lowest total since the end of 1951, but radar-controlled guns made up a greater proportion than ever.
MiGs frequently penetrated south of Chongchon then immediately withdrew when interceptors rose to meet them. They were possibly probing UN radar defenses and testing the scramble time of the Sabres. At a cost of two F-86s lost in air combat, the Sabre wings destroyed twenty-five MiG-15s.
Fifth Air Force and FEAF Bomber Command kept most North Korean airfields out of service. Most fighter-bomber interdiction strikes went against the enemy's transportation network, and Fifth Air Force claimed 2,850 vehicles destroyed in February. When transportation interdiction work was light, Fifth Air Force aircraft attacked hostile concentrations of troops and supplies.
Light bomber attacks against locomotives traveling at night continued in Operation SPOTLIGHT, which maintained locomotive kills at the same high level as in January. Likewise, similar roadblock tactics continued with flare support provided by the 6167th ABG during the dark phases of the moon.
Bomber Command scheduled B-29 attacks as irregularly as possible and planned missions against heavily defended targets during the dark of the moon. The B-29 aircrews varied altitudes, avoided contrail-forming altitudes, and employed electronic countermeasures with great success against hostile gun-laying and searchlight-director radar. The compressed bomber stream provided mutual protection for the bombers by much greater concentration of chaff and electronic jamming power in the critical target area.
Far East Air Forces gave top priority to C-124 fuel cell modifications, and the 22d TCS Globemasters, which had been grounded since the end of December, returned to duty. The 19th and 307th Bomb Wings provided personnel for a detachment at Itazuke AB, Japan, to provide an emergency facility for B-29s unable to return to their home base at Yokota, Japan, or Kadena, Okinawa, after a combat mission.
April 1953
In Panmunjon, communist and UN representatives negotiated details of POW repatriation. In Operation LITTLE SWITCH the adversaries exchanged seriously wounded and ill prisoners-6,670 Chinese and North Koreans for 471 South Koreans, 149 Americans, and sixty-four other UN personnel.
With the spring thaw, ground activity tapered off to small-scale probes and raids. Bomber Command B-29s and Fifth Air Force fighter-bombers coordinated attacks on railroad complexes to disrupt the flow of supplies from Manchuria to enemy forward areas. Later in April troop concentrations and supply areas became primary targets. MiG-15 activity remained sporadic, and UN pilots sighted only 1,622 MiGs. On the other hand, the enemy deployed between four and five hundred fighters, an abnormally large number, to two Chinese airfields near the Yalu River, within easy sight of UN counter-air patrols. FEAF intelligence officers interpreted their presence as an intentional display of defensive strength. Far East Air Forces initiated Project MOOLA in an attempt to acquire the latest communist jet aircraft. Anyone who delivered a MiG or other jet aircraft to UN forces in Korea would receive political asylum, resettlement in a non-communist country, anonymity, and $50,000. An additional $50,000 would go to the first person to take advantage of the offer. In September 1953, after the cease-fire, a North Korean MiG-15 pilot defected, flying his aircraft safely to Kimpo AB, South Korea.
June 1953
Although UN forces fiercely contested the enemy's continued assaults, they eventually yielded the Nevada outpost complex, possession of which would facilitate the communist offensive and provide leverage in the final stages of the armistice negotiations. The communist onslaught fell upon ROK and U.S. forces in the eastern and central sectors of the front rather than weaker positions in western Korea. To minimize its own losses, the UN Command elected not to counter attack, and the communists soon captured high ground despite heavy losses. The UN Command employed heavy artillery barrages and close air strikes that prevented the enemy from exploiting his gains, while the communists shifted their offensive to the ROK II Corps and USA X Corps forces holding the central sector. By mid-month the enemy had gained an average of 3,000 meters along a 13,000 meters front. After a six-day pause, the communist offensive resumed, targeting ROK forces almost exclusively, perhaps hoping to convince the South Korean government that continued fighting would be extremely costly. The final communist offensive coincided with the final stages of the armistice negotiations.
By mid-June both sides had agreed to the establishment of a Neutral Nations Repatriation Committee. The South Korean government, which was boycotting the truce conference over the repatriation issue, released 27,000 prisoners of war, disingenuously describing the event as a "mass escape." This action severely undermined the UN Command's negotiating ability. With communist delegates doubtful that South Korea would respect any armistice, truce negotiations stalled once again.
During most of June the UN Command directed its air power against communist forces attempting to penetrate the UN main line of resistance and against North Korean airfields near the Manchurian border. To quell the communist ground offensives, the UN employed medium bombers, light bombers, and fighter-bombers in close air support missions. Raids on enemy airfields sought to close them to reinforcements of modern jet aircraft that the Chinese Communists might fly into North Korea in days, or even hours, preceding the signing of an armistice. Far East Air Forces employed both B-29s and fighter-bombers to bomb the airfields, even striking nearby dams in an effort to flood the runways or otherwise render them unserviceable. USAF fighters continued their winning streak in MiG Alley. For unknown reasons the MiGs sought combat at altitudes below 40,000 feet, the Sabrejets most effective combat environment. As a consequence, the USAF pilots broke all previous records, sighting 1,268 MiGs, engaging 501, and destroying seventy-seven without suffering a single loss in air-to-air combat.
....
http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/kilo/korean1950.htm
http://www.ask.ne.jp/~hankaku/english/np9y.html
Armed Conflict
Events Data
Korean War 1950-1953
State Entry Exit Combat Forces Population Losses
China 1950 1953 4000000 800000000 900000
North Korea 1950 1953 230000 15000000 1500000
South Korea 1950 1953 100000 15000000 1500000
USA 1950 1953 500000 150000000 54000
Korean War conflict that began in June 1950 between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), in which an estimated 3,000,000 persons lost their lives. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal participant, joined the war on the side of the South Koreans, and the People's Republic of China eventually came to North Korea's aid. After exceptional vicissitudes, the war was ended inconclusively in July 1953; it established a precedent for United States intervention to contain Communist expansion.
At the end of World War II, the Allies agreed that Soviet forces would accept the surrender of Japanese troops in Korea north of the 38th degree of latitude, while American troops would accept the Japanese surrender south of that line. In 1947, after the failure of negotiations to achieve the unification of the two separate Korean states that had thus been created, the United States turned the problem over to the United Nations. The Soviet Union refused to cooperate with UN plans to hold general elections in the two Koreas, and as a result, a Communist state was permanently established under Soviet auspices in the north and a pro-Western state was set up in the south. By 1949 both the United States and the Soviet Union had withdrawn the majority of their troops from the Korean Peninsula.
On June 25, 1950, the North Koreans, with the tacit approval of the Soviet Union, unleashed a carefully planned attack southward across the 38th parallel. The United Nations Security Council met in emergency session and passed a resolution calling for the assistance of all UN members in halting the North Korean invasion. (The Soviet delegate, who was absent from the Security Council in protest against the UN's failure to admit the People's Republic of China, was not present to veto the council's decision.) On June 27, U.S. president Harry S. Truman, without asking Congress to declare war, ordered United States forces to come to the assistance of South Korea as part of the UN "police action."
Meanwhile, the South Korean army was overwhelmed by the North Korean forces, and the four ill-equipped American divisions that had been rushed into the battle were driven all the way southward across the Korean Peninsula to a small area covering the approaches to Pusan, on the peninsula's southeastern tip. The American forces there were heavily reinforced, however, and then on September 15, troops commanded by General Douglas MacArthur made a daring amphibious landing at Inch'on (see photograph), about 100 miles (160 km) below the 38th parallel and on a line with Seoul, the South Korean capital. This brilliant landing far north of the main battlefront succeeded in cutting the North Korean forces' lines; the North Korean army was then totally shattered by the convergence of Allied forces from north and south, and more than 125,000 prisoners were captured by the Allies.
As the Allied forces now advanced northward back to the 38th parallel, the Chinese warned that the presence of UN forces in North Korea would be unacceptable to the security of the Chinese People's Republic and would force the Chinese to intervene in the war. UN forces, however, ignored the warnings and advanced into North Korea with the expressed intention of unifying the country. By mid-November the Allied forces were nearing the Yalu River, which marked the border between North Korea and Manchuria, the northeast part of China. The Chinese considered the approach of UN forces to the Yalu to be an unacceptable threat to Manchuria. On November 24 MacArthur announced his "Home by Christmas" offensive, in which his forces would boldly advance right up to the Yalu. The next day approximately 180,000 Chinese "volunteers" entered the war, and by December 15, after bitter winter fighting and a harrowing retreat, the Allied troops had been driven southward back to the 38th parallel. On Dec. 31, 1950, the Communists began their second invasion of South Korea with about 500,000 troops, but their attack soon faltered in the face of incessant Allied aerial bombing campaigns, and the front lines eventually stabilized along the 38th parallel.
Meanwhile, MacArthur was demanding the authority to blockade China's coastline and bomb its Manchurian bases. Truman refused, feeling that such a course would bring the Soviet Union into the war and thus lead to a global conflict. In response, MacArthur appealed over Truman's head directly to the American public in an effort to enlist support for his war aims. On April 11, 1951, President Truman relieved MacArthur as UN commander and as commander of U.S. forces in the Far East and replaced him with General Matthew B. Ridgway. On July 10, 1951, truce talks began while the North Koreans and Chinese vainly strove for further success on the battlefield. The negotiations dragged on for months, until after the U.S. presidential elections in the fall of 1952 and the victory of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who had criticized the unpopular war and announced his intention to visit Korea if elected. Eisenhower secretly informed the North Koreans and Chinese that he was prepared to use nuclear weapons and would also carry the war to China if a peace agreement was not reached. After a brief renewal of hostilities in June 1953, an armistice was concluded on July 27, and the front line was accepted as the de facto boundary between North and South Korea. The exchange and repatriation of prisoners soon followed.
The Korean War resulted in the deaths of about 1,300,000 South Koreans, many of whom were civilians; 1,000,000 Chinese; 500,000 North Koreans; and about 54,000 Americans, with much smaller numbers of British, Australian, and Turkish casualties on the Allied side. Several million Koreans temporarily became refugees, and much of South Korea's industrial plant was damaged, while North Korea was utterly devastated by American bombing campaigns.
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In early 1949, North Korea seemed to be on a war footing. Kim's New Year's speech was bellicose and excoriated South Korea as a puppet state. The army expanded rapidly, soldiers drilled in war maneuvers, and bond drives began to amass the necessary funds to purchase Soviet weaponry. The thirty-eighth parallel was fortified, and border incidents began breaking out. Neither Seoul nor P'yongyang recognized the parallel as a permanent legitimate boundary.
Although many aspects of the Korean War remained murky, it seemed that the beginning of conventional war in June 1950 was mainly Kim's decision, and that the key enabling factor was the existence of as many as 100,000 troops with battle experience in China. When the Rhee regime, with help from United States military advisers, severely reduced the guerrilla threat in the winter of 1949-50, the civil war moved into a conventional phase. Kim sought Stalin's backing for his assault, but documents from Soviet and Chinese sources suggested that he got more support from China.
Beginning on June 25, 1950, North Korean forces fought their way south through Seoul. South Korean resistance collapsed as the roads south of Seoul became blocked with refugees, who were fleeing North Korean columns spearheaded with tanks supplied by the Soviet Union. Task Force Smith, the first United States troops to enter the war, made a futile stand at Suwn, a town some thirty miles south of Seoul. Within a month of the start of the invasion, North Korean forces had seized all but a small corner of southeastern Korea anchored by the port city of Pusan. Repeated North Korean efforts, blunted by heavy United States Air Force bombing and stubborn resistance by the combined United States and South Korean forces on the Pusan perimeter, denied Kim Il Sung forceful reunification of the peninsula. The fortunes of war reversed abruptly in early September when General MacArthur boldly landed his forces at Inch'n, the port city for Seoul in west central Korea. This action severed the lines of communication and supply between the North Korean army and its base in the north. The army quickly collapsed, and combined United States and South Korean forces drove Kim Il Sung's units northward and into complete defeat.
The United States thrust in the fall of 1950, however, motivated China to bring its forces--the Chinese People's Volunteer Army--in on the northern side; these "volunteers" and the North Korean army pushed United States and South Korean forces out of North Korea within a month. Although the war lasted another two years, until the summer of 1953, the outcome of early 1951 was definitive: both a stalemate and a United States commitment to containment that accepted the de facto reality of two Koreas.
By the time the armistice was signed in 1953, North Korea had been devastated by three years of bombing attacks that had left almost no modern buildings standing. Both Koreas had watched as their country was ravaged and the expectations of 1945 were turned into a nightmare. Furthermore, when Kim's regime was nearly extinguished in the fall of 1950, the Soviet Union did very little to save it--China picked up the pieces.
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In the meantime, the communists had built a formidable political and military structure in North Korea under the aegis of the Soviet command. They had created a regional Five-Province Administrative Bureau in October 1945, which was reorganized into the North Korean Provisional People's Committee in February 1946 and shed the "Provisional" component of its name twelve months later. The communists also expanded and consolidated their party's strength by merging all of the left-wing groups into the North Korean Workers' Party in August 1946. Beginning in 1946, the armed forces also were organized and reinforced. Between 1946 and 1949, large numbers of North Korean youths--at least 10,000--were taken to the Soviet Union for military training. A draft was instituted, and in 1949 two divisions--40,000 troops--of the former Korean Volunteer Army in China, who had trained under the Chinese communists, and had participated in the Chinese civil war (1945-49), returned to North Korea.
By June 1950, North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into ten infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division. Soviet equipment, including automatic weapons of various types, T-34 tanks, and Yak fighter planes, had also been pouring into North Korea in early 1950. These forces were to fight the ill-equipped South Korean army of less than 100,000 men--an army lacking in tanks, heavy artillery, and combat airplanes, plus a coast guard of 4,000 men and a police force of 45,000 men.
The events following the June 1950 invasion proved the superiority of North Korean military forces and the soundness of their overall invasion strategy. South Korea's army was simply overwhelmed; Seoul fell within three days. By early August, South Korean forces were confined in the southeastern corner of the peninsula to a territory 140 kilometers long and 90 kilometers wide. The rest of the territory was completely in the hands of the North Korean army.
The only unforeseen event complicating North Korea's strategy was the swift decision by the United States to commit forces in support of South Korea. On June 26, 1950, Truman ordered the use of United States planes and naval vessels against North Korean forces, and on June 30 United States ground troops were dispatched. The United States, fearing that inaction in Korea would be interpreted as appeasement of communist aggression elsewhere in the world, was determined that South Korea should not be overwhelmed and asked the UN Security Council to intervene. When Douglas MacArthur, the commanding general of the United Nations forces in Korea, launched his amphibious attack and landed at Inch'on on September 15, the course of the war changed abruptly. Within weeks much of North Korea was taken by United States and South Korean forces before Chinese "volunteers" intervened in October, enabling North Korea to eventually restore its authority over its domain. The war lasted until July 27, 1953, when a cease-fire agreement was signed at P'anmunjom. By then, the war had involved China and the Soviet Union, which had dispatched air force divisions to Manchuria in support of North Korea and had furnished the Chinese and North Koreans with arms, tanks, military supplies, fuel, foodstuffs, and medicine. Fifteen member-nations of the United Nations had contributed armed forces and medical units to South Korea.
The war left indelible marks on the Korean Peninsula and the world surrounding it. The entire peninsula was reduced to rubble; casualties on both sides were enormous. The chances for peaceful unification had been remote even before 1950, but the war dashed all such hopes. Sizable numbers of South Koreans who either had been sympathetic or indifferent to communism before the war became avowed anticommunists afterwards. The war also intensified hostilities between the communist and noncommunist camps in the accelerating East-West arms race. Moreover, a large number of Chinese volunteer troops remained in North Korea until October 1958, and China began to play an increasingly important role in Korean affairs. Because tension on the Korean Peninsula remained high, the United States continued to station troops in South Korea, over the strenuous objections of North Korean leaders. The war also spurred Japan's industrial recovery and the United States' decision to rearm Japan.
http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/afhra/wwwroot/korean_war/korean_war_chronology/kwc_december1950.html
The U.S. Air Force's First War: Korea 1950-1953 Significant Events
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1950
December 1950
Pressured by overwhelming numbers of CCF troops, the U.S. Eighth Army withdrew from western North Korea. Far East Air Forces aided this withdrawal by a "reverse airlift" that allowed U.S. forces to take out most of their equipment and supplies. FEAF Combat Cargo Command airlifted food and ammunition to encircled elements of the X Corps and evacuated their sick and wounded troops. The X Corps' units concentrated at Hungnam, so that the UN forces could leave eastern North Korea by sea. By the end of the month, the UN line had fallen back to near the 38th parallel, and most of North Korea was back in communist hands.
Three USAF fighter groups withdrew from North to South Korea, reducing Fifth Air Force's ability to provide air support for both Eighth Army and X Corps at the same time. Nevertheless, effective Fifth Air Force attacks on Chinese Communist Forces forced them to abandon daytime movements. FEAF Bomber Command conducted almost daily B-29 raids against North Korean cities that served as enemy supply or communications centers, including Sinanju, Anju, Kanggye, Pyongyang, and Wonsan. Far East Air Forces embarked on a new interdiction plan that divided North Korea into ten zones. The zones made target destruction more systematic and allowed Far East Air Forces and U.S. Navy aviation to coordinate their missions better. FEAF F-86s and F-84s entered combat in North Korea to challenge communist MiG-15s flying from Manchurian sanctuaries.
The newly organized Boat Section of the 6160th Air Base Group (ABG) received one 104-foot boat, one sixty-three-foot boat, and two 24-footers, with which it conducted fifty-one search and rescue missions.
December 1: The USS Cape Esperance arrived in Japan with F-86 fighters of the 4th FIW. Fifth Air Force headquarters moved from Nagoya, Japan, to Seoul, South Korea, and its newly activated 314th Air Division assumed responsibility for the air defense of Japan. In the first prolonged MiG attack of the war, six MiG-15s engaged three B-29s for six minutes, damaging them considerably despite the F-80 escorts. FEAF Combat Cargo Command evacuated about 1,500 UN casualties from the Pyongyang area.
December 3: U.S. troops from the Changjin Reservoir area fought their way to Hagaru-ri, while a relief column from Hungnam fought its way toward them, reaching Koto-ri, about seven miles away. Communist troops prevented the two groups from linking and encircled them both, forcing them to rely on airlift for resupply.
December 4: MiG-15s shot down one of the three USAF Tornado reconnaissance aircraft in the theater, making the first successful jet bomber interception in airpower history.
December 5: UN forces abandoned Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, which they had held since October 19. Greek C-47s joined the FEAF Combat Cargo Command airlift to supply UN troops surrounded in northeastern Korea. The command evacuated 3,925 patients from Korea to Japan in the biggest day of the war for aeromedical airlift. Transports flew most of these from a frozen airstrip at Hagaru-ri. The U.S. Air Force suspended attacks on the Yalu River bridges, because enemy forces were crossing the frozen river on the ice.
December 6: The 27th Fighter Escort Wing (FEW), a Strategic Air Command unit from Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, began flying combat operations from Taegu, South Korea, introducing F-84 ThunderJet fighters to the war.
December 7: FEAF B-29s bombed North Korean towns in the Changjin Reservoir area to relieve enemy pressure on U.S. Marine and Army units attempting to break out from Hagaru-Ri and Koto-Ri. Troops in those two locations finally linked and built crude airstrips that allowed FEAF Combat Cargo Command airplanes to land food and ammunition and to evacuate casualties. Eight C-119s dropped bridge spans to the surrounded U.S. troops so that they could cross a 1,500-foot-deep gorge to break the enemy encirclement. This was the first air-dropped bridge in history of warfare.
December 10: A two-week FEAF Combat Cargo Command airlift for surrounded U.S. troops in northeastern Korea concluded after delivering 1,580 tons of supplies and equipment and moving almost 5,000 sick and wounded troops. Participating airlift units conducted 350 C-119 and C-47 flights.
December 11: The X Corps began loading on ships in Hungnam Harbor.
December 14: As Chinese forces approached, FEAF Combat Cargo Command began an aerial evacuation from Yonpo Airfield near Hamhung. A FEAF airplane dropped the first tarzon bomb to be used in Korea on a tunnel near Huichon, with limited effectiveness. The tarzon bomb was a six-ton version of the razon bomb, but generally it did not live up to expectations.
December 15: The 4 FIG inaugurated F-86 Sabrejet operations in Korea. FEAF Bomber Command launched its first mission in a new zone interdiction plan. ROK forces completed their withdrawal from Wonsan, North Korea, and the Eighth U.S. Army withdrew below the 38th parallel.
December 17: Lt. Col. Bruce H. Hinton, USAF, 4th FIG, scored the first F-86 aerial victory over a MiG-15 on the first day Sabres encountered communist jets. FEAF Combat Cargo Command abandoned Yonpo Airfield to communist forces, having transported in four days 228 patients, 3,891 other passengers, and 20,088 tons of cargo.
December 20: Twelve C-54s of the 61st TCG airlifted 806 South Korean orphans from Kimpo to Cheju-Do off the South Korean coast in Operation CHRISTMAS KIDLIFT.
December 22: One USN and five USAF pilots shot down six MiG-15s, the highest daily FEAF aerial victory credit total for the month, and the highest since June. A MiG-15 shot down an F-86 for the first time. Headquarters Fifth Air Force, Eighth U.S. Army in Korea headquarters, and the Joint Operations Center moved from Seoul to Taegu.
December 23: Three H-5 helicopter crews with fighter cover rescued eleven U.S. and twenty-four ROK soldiers from a field eight miles behind enemy lines. General Walker, Commander, Eighth U.S. Army, died in a vehicle accident north of Seoul.
December 24: X Corps completed the sea evacuation of Hungnam. More than 105,000 troops and 91,000 civilians had departed since the exodus began on December 11. USAF B-26s and U.S. Navy gunfire held the enemy at bay during the night as the last ships departed. The 3d ARS flew thirty-five liberated prisoners of war from enemy territory.
December 25: Chinese forces crossed the 38th parallel into South Korea.
December 26: Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway, USA, took command of the U.S. Eighth Army in Korea, as it absorbed X Corps.
December 29: From Taegu, RF-51 aircraft began flying tactical reconnaissance missions in Korea for the first time. They had longer ranges than their RF-80 predecessors.
December 31: Chinese Communist forces in Korea launched an offensive against UN troops south of the 38th parallel. General Ridgway ordered Eighth Army troops to a new defensive line seventy miles farther south.
January 1951
Early in January, the powerful new offensive by Chinese Communist and North Korean forces drove UN forces out of Seoul and nearby Kimpo and Suwon Airfields. The UN and communist ground forces fought a see-saw battle for the crossroads city of Wonju in north central South Korea. By mid-January, the enemy offensive had stalled on a line between Pyontaek on the west coast and Samchok on the east coast, partly because the UN Command retained air superiority over the front. By the end of the month, UN forces had launched a counter-offensive, forcing the enemy northward toward Seoul.
With the loss of Kimpo and Suwon Airfields, the U.S. Air Force moved most jet fighters to bases in Japan. From there, USAF F-86s did not have the range to reach the front easily, much less the MiG-infested skies of northwestern Korea. After almost two weeks out of combat, the Fifth Air Force returned some Sabres to Korea to test their capabilities in new missions of armed reconnaissance and close air support. These flew air to ground missions from Taegu, where F-80s and F-84s also continued to operate. communist jet fighters remained at their Yalu River bases and for the first nineteen days of January only occasionally challenged U.S. aircraft over North Korea. Lacking the range and air-to-ground weapons, enemy jets did not provide any air support for communist ground troops. Despite severe winter weather that sometimes curtailed sorties during January, Fifth Air Force conducted extremely destructive close air support missions for UN forces, killing or wounding an estimated 18,750 enemy troops. C-47s embarked on new roles-dropping flares in support of B-26 and F-82 night raids and serving as communications platforms to connect the Tactical Air Control Center, TACPs, and T-6 Mosquito airplanes.
FEAF Bomber Command raided enemy marshalling yards, airfields, and supply centers, dropping more than 6700 tons of bombs on over 720 sorties. Superfortress crews occasionally struck bridges with radio-guided bombs but largely avoided northwestern Korea, where they might have encountered scores of MiG-15s. In an air campaign intended to burn and destroy key North Korean cities, Bomber Command B-29s raided Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, with huge formations dropping incendiary bombs on the city. Targets of other major incendiary raids in North Korea included Hamhung, Kaesong, and Komusan. By the end of the month, FEAF Bomber Command, with a total force of about one hundred B-29s, was launching about twenty-four Superfortresses daily, rotating missions among the 19th, 98th, and 307th Bombardment Groups. The command also initiated B-29 night harassment attacks against North Korean cities during January.
Deprived of bases in the Seoul area, FEAF Combat Cargo Command could not easily respond to increased UN demands for airlift caused by rapid unit withdrawals and blocking of surface supply lines by heavy snow. Near the front lines, Eighth Army engineers bulldozed airstrips at Wonju and Chungju for the cargo landings, but Wonju fell into enemy hands, and frozen mud caused C-46 accidents at Chungju. The C-119s, which were too large to land at these airstrips, dropped supplies to UN forces in north central South Korea. Depending primarily on C-47 and C-119 airplanes, Combat Cargo Command delivered more than 14,000 tons of equipment and supplies; it also evacuated 10,000 combat casualties in South Korea during the first three weeks of January. Search and rescue units flew 452 missions, evacuating 112 critically wounded patients and rescuing sixteen soldiers from behind enemy lines. The Fifth Air Force's Boat Section conducted forty-two missions.
January 1952
The static, defensive-type ground warfare continued into January 1952. Meanwhile, UN warships and naval aircraft cooperated with Far East Air Forces in the interdiction of the enemy's supply network. The enemy countered UN air attacks with active air opposition and increasingly heavy antiaircraft fire. At Panmunjom, UN negotiators attempted to achieve an armistice; however communist intransigence, evasiveness, and procrastination thwarted their efforts.
Fifth Air Force tactical units directed most flights against railheads, communication lines, and highways over which the communists moved supplies and equipment to front-line positions. The fighter-bombers concentrated on rail-cutting missions but, when required, flew bombing, napalm, and rocket strikes in close support of Eighth Army ground forces. B-26 night intruders, aided by flare-dropping aircraft, directed attacks against enemy trucks, complimenting the daylight interdiction efforts of FEAF fighter-bombers. Other light bombers struck at enemy airfields, storage areas, rail junctions, and railroad rolling stock.
FEAF Bomber Command B-29s placed highest priority on North Korean airfields, which remained for the most part unusable. They also bombed marshalling yards, railroad by-pass bridges, and supply storage areas. The medium bomber aircrews used extreme caution to avoid bombing in the vicinity of reported POW camps. In addition, they flew nightly close air support missions, dropping 500-pound air fragmentation bombs over enemy troop concentrations.
Far East Air Forces flew numerous cargo, search and rescue, reconnaissance, and leaflet operations. The 315th AD airlifted 84,234 troops, 6,805 tons of cargo, and 2,041 medical evacuees. Search and rescue units flew 516 sorties. Helicopters evacuated 293 critically wounded patients from forward areas and rescued one pilot from behind enemy lines. C-47 and B-29 aircraft dropped psychological warfare leaflets to civilians and communist soldiers in enemy territory.
UN fighter sweeps provided protective aerial cover for fighter-bombers and inflicted costly losses on hostile MiG-15s, which made only sporadic attempts to interfere. During the month, UN pilots shot down thirty-two MiGs and damaged twenty-eight others. Although Far East Air Forces lost only five jets in aerial combat, it saw enemy ground fire destroy forty-four other aircraft. These had been engaged in low-level bombing runs and strafing sweeps.
February 1953
Ground activity along the front continued at a slow pace, characterized by patrol engagements and minor enemy probes. Intelligence revealed the enemy had built twelve new by-pass rail bridges. Fifth Air Force reconnaissance in the area immediately behind the enemy's front lines to some twenty miles to the rear gave very little evidence that the enemy was preparing to attack but did spot an influx of vehicles to replace those destroyed during weeks of FEAF attacks. Enemy antiaircraft weapons decreased to the lowest total since the end of 1951, but radar-controlled guns made up a greater proportion than ever.
MiGs frequently penetrated south of Chongchon then immediately withdrew when interceptors rose to meet them. They were possibly probing UN radar defenses and testing the scramble time of the Sabres. At a cost of two F-86s lost in air combat, the Sabre wings destroyed twenty-five MiG-15s.
Fifth Air Force and FEAF Bomber Command kept most North Korean airfields out of service. Most fighter-bomber interdiction strikes went against the enemy's transportation network, and Fifth Air Force claimed 2,850 vehicles destroyed in February. When transportation interdiction work was light, Fifth Air Force aircraft attacked hostile concentrations of troops and supplies.
Light bomber attacks against locomotives traveling at night continued in Operation SPOTLIGHT, which maintained locomotive kills at the same high level as in January. Likewise, similar roadblock tactics continued with flare support provided by the 6167th ABG during the dark phases of the moon.
Bomber Command scheduled B-29 attacks as irregularly as possible and planned missions against heavily defended targets during the dark of the moon. The B-29 aircrews varied altitudes, avoided contrail-forming altitudes, and employed electronic countermeasures with great success against hostile gun-laying and searchlight-director radar. The compressed bomber stream provided mutual protection for the bombers by much greater concentration of chaff and electronic jamming power in the critical target area.
Far East Air Forces gave top priority to C-124 fuel cell modifications, and the 22d TCS Globemasters, which had been grounded since the end of December, returned to duty. The 19th and 307th Bomb Wings provided personnel for a detachment at Itazuke AB, Japan, to provide an emergency facility for B-29s unable to return to their home base at Yokota, Japan, or Kadena, Okinawa, after a combat mission.
April 1953
In Panmunjon, communist and UN representatives negotiated details of POW repatriation. In Operation LITTLE SWITCH the adversaries exchanged seriously wounded and ill prisoners-6,670 Chinese and North Koreans for 471 South Koreans, 149 Americans, and sixty-four other UN personnel.
With the spring thaw, ground activity tapered off to small-scale probes and raids. Bomber Command B-29s and Fifth Air Force fighter-bombers coordinated attacks on railroad complexes to disrupt the flow of supplies from Manchuria to enemy forward areas. Later in April troop concentrations and supply areas became primary targets. MiG-15 activity remained sporadic, and UN pilots sighted only 1,622 MiGs. On the other hand, the enemy deployed between four and five hundred fighters, an abnormally large number, to two Chinese airfields near the Yalu River, within easy sight of UN counter-air patrols. FEAF intelligence officers interpreted their presence as an intentional display of defensive strength. Far East Air Forces initiated Project MOOLA in an attempt to acquire the latest communist jet aircraft. Anyone who delivered a MiG or other jet aircraft to UN forces in Korea would receive political asylum, resettlement in a non-communist country, anonymity, and $50,000. An additional $50,000 would go to the first person to take advantage of the offer. In September 1953, after the cease-fire, a North Korean MiG-15 pilot defected, flying his aircraft safely to Kimpo AB, South Korea.
June 1953
Although UN forces fiercely contested the enemy's continued assaults, they eventually yielded the Nevada outpost complex, possession of which would facilitate the communist offensive and provide leverage in the final stages of the armistice negotiations. The communist onslaught fell upon ROK and U.S. forces in the eastern and central sectors of the front rather than weaker positions in western Korea. To minimize its own losses, the UN Command elected not to counter attack, and the communists soon captured high ground despite heavy losses. The UN Command employed heavy artillery barrages and close air strikes that prevented the enemy from exploiting his gains, while the communists shifted their offensive to the ROK II Corps and USA X Corps forces holding the central sector. By mid-month the enemy had gained an average of 3,000 meters along a 13,000 meters front. After a six-day pause, the communist offensive resumed, targeting ROK forces almost exclusively, perhaps hoping to convince the South Korean government that continued fighting would be extremely costly. The final communist offensive coincided with the final stages of the armistice negotiations.
By mid-June both sides had agreed to the establishment of a Neutral Nations Repatriation Committee. The South Korean government, which was boycotting the truce conference over the repatriation issue, released 27,000 prisoners of war, disingenuously describing the event as a "mass escape." This action severely undermined the UN Command's negotiating ability. With communist delegates doubtful that South Korea would respect any armistice, truce negotiations stalled once again.
During most of June the UN Command directed its air power against communist forces attempting to penetrate the UN main line of resistance and against North Korean airfields near the Manchurian border. To quell the communist ground offensives, the UN employed medium bombers, light bombers, and fighter-bombers in close air support missions. Raids on enemy airfields sought to close them to reinforcements of modern jet aircraft that the Chinese Communists might fly into North Korea in days, or even hours, preceding the signing of an armistice. Far East Air Forces employed both B-29s and fighter-bombers to bomb the airfields, even striking nearby dams in an effort to flood the runways or otherwise render them unserviceable. USAF fighters continued their winning streak in MiG Alley. For unknown reasons the MiGs sought combat at altitudes below 40,000 feet, the Sabrejets most effective combat environment. As a consequence, the USAF pilots broke all previous records, sighting 1,268 MiGs, engaging 501, and destroying seventy-seven without suffering a single loss in air-to-air combat.
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http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/kilo/korean1950.htm
http://www.ask.ne.jp/~hankaku/english/np9y.html
Armed Conflict
Events Data
Korean War 1950-1953
State Entry Exit Combat Forces Population Losses
China 1950 1953 4000000 800000000 900000
North Korea 1950 1953 230000 15000000 1500000
South Korea 1950 1953 100000 15000000 1500000
USA 1950 1953 500000 150000000 54000
Korean War conflict that began in June 1950 between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), in which an estimated 3,000,000 persons lost their lives. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal participant, joined the war on the side of the South Koreans, and the People's Republic of China eventually came to North Korea's aid. After exceptional vicissitudes, the war was ended inconclusively in July 1953; it established a precedent for United States intervention to contain Communist expansion.
At the end of World War II, the Allies agreed that Soviet forces would accept the surrender of Japanese troops in Korea north of the 38th degree of latitude, while American troops would accept the Japanese surrender south of that line. In 1947, after the failure of negotiations to achieve the unification of the two separate Korean states that had thus been created, the United States turned the problem over to the United Nations. The Soviet Union refused to cooperate with UN plans to hold general elections in the two Koreas, and as a result, a Communist state was permanently established under Soviet auspices in the north and a pro-Western state was set up in the south. By 1949 both the United States and the Soviet Union had withdrawn the majority of their troops from the Korean Peninsula.
On June 25, 1950, the North Koreans, with the tacit approval of the Soviet Union, unleashed a carefully planned attack southward across the 38th parallel. The United Nations Security Council met in emergency session and passed a resolution calling for the assistance of all UN members in halting the North Korean invasion. (The Soviet delegate, who was absent from the Security Council in protest against the UN's failure to admit the People's Republic of China, was not present to veto the council's decision.) On June 27, U.S. president Harry S. Truman, without asking Congress to declare war, ordered United States forces to come to the assistance of South Korea as part of the UN "police action."
Meanwhile, the South Korean army was overwhelmed by the North Korean forces, and the four ill-equipped American divisions that had been rushed into the battle were driven all the way southward across the Korean Peninsula to a small area covering the approaches to Pusan, on the peninsula's southeastern tip. The American forces there were heavily reinforced, however, and then on September 15, troops commanded by General Douglas MacArthur made a daring amphibious landing at Inch'on (see photograph), about 100 miles (160 km) below the 38th parallel and on a line with Seoul, the South Korean capital. This brilliant landing far north of the main battlefront succeeded in cutting the North Korean forces' lines; the North Korean army was then totally shattered by the convergence of Allied forces from north and south, and more than 125,000 prisoners were captured by the Allies.
As the Allied forces now advanced northward back to the 38th parallel, the Chinese warned that the presence of UN forces in North Korea would be unacceptable to the security of the Chinese People's Republic and would force the Chinese to intervene in the war. UN forces, however, ignored the warnings and advanced into North Korea with the expressed intention of unifying the country. By mid-November the Allied forces were nearing the Yalu River, which marked the border between North Korea and Manchuria, the northeast part of China. The Chinese considered the approach of UN forces to the Yalu to be an unacceptable threat to Manchuria. On November 24 MacArthur announced his "Home by Christmas" offensive, in which his forces would boldly advance right up to the Yalu. The next day approximately 180,000 Chinese "volunteers" entered the war, and by December 15, after bitter winter fighting and a harrowing retreat, the Allied troops had been driven southward back to the 38th parallel. On Dec. 31, 1950, the Communists began their second invasion of South Korea with about 500,000 troops, but their attack soon faltered in the face of incessant Allied aerial bombing campaigns, and the front lines eventually stabilized along the 38th parallel.
Meanwhile, MacArthur was demanding the authority to blockade China's coastline and bomb its Manchurian bases. Truman refused, feeling that such a course would bring the Soviet Union into the war and thus lead to a global conflict. In response, MacArthur appealed over Truman's head directly to the American public in an effort to enlist support for his war aims. On April 11, 1951, President Truman relieved MacArthur as UN commander and as commander of U.S. forces in the Far East and replaced him with General Matthew B. Ridgway. On July 10, 1951, truce talks began while the North Koreans and Chinese vainly strove for further success on the battlefield. The negotiations dragged on for months, until after the U.S. presidential elections in the fall of 1952 and the victory of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who had criticized the unpopular war and announced his intention to visit Korea if elected. Eisenhower secretly informed the North Koreans and Chinese that he was prepared to use nuclear weapons and would also carry the war to China if a peace agreement was not reached. After a brief renewal of hostilities in June 1953, an armistice was concluded on July 27, and the front line was accepted as the de facto boundary between North and South Korea. The exchange and repatriation of prisoners soon followed.
The Korean War resulted in the deaths of about 1,300,000 South Koreans, many of whom were civilians; 1,000,000 Chinese; 500,000 North Koreans; and about 54,000 Americans, with much smaller numbers of British, Australian, and Turkish casualties on the Allied side. Several million Koreans temporarily became refugees, and much of South Korea's industrial plant was damaged, while North Korea was utterly devastated by American bombing campaigns.
*****
In early 1949, North Korea seemed to be on a war footing. Kim's New Year's speech was bellicose and excoriated South Korea as a puppet state. The army expanded rapidly, soldiers drilled in war maneuvers, and bond drives began to amass the necessary funds to purchase Soviet weaponry. The thirty-eighth parallel was fortified, and border incidents began breaking out. Neither Seoul nor P'yongyang recognized the parallel as a permanent legitimate boundary.
Although many aspects of the Korean War remained murky, it seemed that the beginning of conventional war in June 1950 was mainly Kim's decision, and that the key enabling factor was the existence of as many as 100,000 troops with battle experience in China. When the Rhee regime, with help from United States military advisers, severely reduced the guerrilla threat in the winter of 1949-50, the civil war moved into a conventional phase. Kim sought Stalin's backing for his assault, but documents from Soviet and Chinese sources suggested that he got more support from China.
Beginning on June 25, 1950, North Korean forces fought their way south through Seoul. South Korean resistance collapsed as the roads south of Seoul became blocked with refugees, who were fleeing North Korean columns spearheaded with tanks supplied by the Soviet Union. Task Force Smith, the first United States troops to enter the war, made a futile stand at Suwn, a town some thirty miles south of Seoul. Within a month of the start of the invasion, North Korean forces had seized all but a small corner of southeastern Korea anchored by the port city of Pusan. Repeated North Korean efforts, blunted by heavy United States Air Force bombing and stubborn resistance by the combined United States and South Korean forces on the Pusan perimeter, denied Kim Il Sung forceful reunification of the peninsula. The fortunes of war reversed abruptly in early September when General MacArthur boldly landed his forces at Inch'n, the port city for Seoul in west central Korea. This action severed the lines of communication and supply between the North Korean army and its base in the north. The army quickly collapsed, and combined United States and South Korean forces drove Kim Il Sung's units northward and into complete defeat.
The United States thrust in the fall of 1950, however, motivated China to bring its forces--the Chinese People's Volunteer Army--in on the northern side; these "volunteers" and the North Korean army pushed United States and South Korean forces out of North Korea within a month. Although the war lasted another two years, until the summer of 1953, the outcome of early 1951 was definitive: both a stalemate and a United States commitment to containment that accepted the de facto reality of two Koreas.
By the time the armistice was signed in 1953, North Korea had been devastated by three years of bombing attacks that had left almost no modern buildings standing. Both Koreas had watched as their country was ravaged and the expectations of 1945 were turned into a nightmare. Furthermore, when Kim's regime was nearly extinguished in the fall of 1950, the Soviet Union did very little to save it--China picked up the pieces.
*****
In the meantime, the communists had built a formidable political and military structure in North Korea under the aegis of the Soviet command. They had created a regional Five-Province Administrative Bureau in October 1945, which was reorganized into the North Korean Provisional People's Committee in February 1946 and shed the "Provisional" component of its name twelve months later. The communists also expanded and consolidated their party's strength by merging all of the left-wing groups into the North Korean Workers' Party in August 1946. Beginning in 1946, the armed forces also were organized and reinforced. Between 1946 and 1949, large numbers of North Korean youths--at least 10,000--were taken to the Soviet Union for military training. A draft was instituted, and in 1949 two divisions--40,000 troops--of the former Korean Volunteer Army in China, who had trained under the Chinese communists, and had participated in the Chinese civil war (1945-49), returned to North Korea.
By June 1950, North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into ten infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division. Soviet equipment, including automatic weapons of various types, T-34 tanks, and Yak fighter planes, had also been pouring into North Korea in early 1950. These forces were to fight the ill-equipped South Korean army of less than 100,000 men--an army lacking in tanks, heavy artillery, and combat airplanes, plus a coast guard of 4,000 men and a police force of 45,000 men.
The events following the June 1950 invasion proved the superiority of North Korean military forces and the soundness of their overall invasion strategy. South Korea's army was simply overwhelmed; Seoul fell within three days. By early August, South Korean forces were confined in the southeastern corner of the peninsula to a territory 140 kilometers long and 90 kilometers wide. The rest of the territory was completely in the hands of the North Korean army.
The only unforeseen event complicating North Korea's strategy was the swift decision by the United States to commit forces in support of South Korea. On June 26, 1950, Truman ordered the use of United States planes and naval vessels against North Korean forces, and on June 30 United States ground troops were dispatched. The United States, fearing that inaction in Korea would be interpreted as appeasement of communist aggression elsewhere in the world, was determined that South Korea should not be overwhelmed and asked the UN Security Council to intervene. When Douglas MacArthur, the commanding general of the United Nations forces in Korea, launched his amphibious attack and landed at Inch'on on September 15, the course of the war changed abruptly. Within weeks much of North Korea was taken by United States and South Korean forces before Chinese "volunteers" intervened in October, enabling North Korea to eventually restore its authority over its domain. The war lasted until July 27, 1953, when a cease-fire agreement was signed at P'anmunjom. By then, the war had involved China and the Soviet Union, which had dispatched air force divisions to Manchuria in support of North Korea and had furnished the Chinese and North Koreans with arms, tanks, military supplies, fuel, foodstuffs, and medicine. Fifteen member-nations of the United Nations had contributed armed forces and medical units to South Korea.
The war left indelible marks on the Korean Peninsula and the world surrounding it. The entire peninsula was reduced to rubble; casualties on both sides were enormous. The chances for peaceful unification had been remote even before 1950, but the war dashed all such hopes. Sizable numbers of South Koreans who either had been sympathetic or indifferent to communism before the war became avowed anticommunists afterwards. The war also intensified hostilities between the communist and noncommunist camps in the accelerating East-West arms race. Moreover, a large number of Chinese volunteer troops remained in North Korea until October 1958, and China began to play an increasingly important role in Korean affairs. Because tension on the Korean Peninsula remained high, the United States continued to station troops in South Korea, over the strenuous objections of North Korean leaders. The war also spurred Japan's industrial recovery and the United States' decision to rearm Japan.
10.04.03 09:37
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1 Дорогой Дойсекс - Это Вы о КОм?
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Ну, если вам от этого полегчает, то признаю что дойсекс поинтелектуальней был, он просто сайты копировал, а агнитум и цитирует сообщения расположенные тут-же.
Спешу вас уведомить что экран и зрение мне позволяет это видеть.
------
Вы не раличаете разницы между "бомбы" и бомбы
------
По вашему написание слова БОМБЫ в кавычках делает её равнозначной словосочетанию "наведении порядка".
Ну тады я пас┘┘┘. Так глупомысленомыслять мы не могём.
Я рад что слова ╚ЯблО/У/А-Ке и голове╩ и ╚Гравитация╩ вызывают у вас определюнные ассоциации, осталось совсем немного поразмыслить (или отредактировать название ветки) чтоб понять что бомбой сбить самолёт невозможно.
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Ни единого достойного "информативного" саита ВЫ - не предоставили
--------
Мне и дойсекса с его беллетристикой хватает, имеются также ТВ и бум.издания.
Остальное можно просто флудом и пустомельством назвать.
Как оно насчёт Кореи √ то, потом и дальше по списку пойдём?
----------
А фразу "Я как человек ленивый" говорите все Чаще и Чаще
---------
вы автоподпись мою не видели?
--------
Нет уж Ликвидатор, Укажите "Промахи", посадите в Лужу меня.
-------
Как оно насчёт Кореи √ то, потом и дальше по списку пойдём?
---------
Кто? Ах Вы? Или кто-нить другой?
---------
В ответ Agnitum 9/4/03 17:30
Особенно мило в этом списке Кувейт выглядит. Вот сволочи эти американцы, не позволили Саддаму Кувейт осчастливить
Не делай сегодня то что можно сделать завтра, потому что завтра это может не понадобится.
в ответ Agnitum 10.04.03 08:13
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1 Дорогой Дойсекс - Это Вы о КОм?
------
Ну, если вам от этого полегчает, то признаю что дойсекс поинтелектуальней был, он просто сайты копировал, а агнитум и цитирует сообщения расположенные тут-же.
Спешу вас уведомить что экран и зрение мне позволяет это видеть.
------
Вы не раличаете разницы между "бомбы" и бомбы
------
По вашему написание слова БОМБЫ в кавычках делает её равнозначной словосочетанию "наведении порядка".
Ну тады я пас┘┘┘. Так глупомысленомыслять мы не могём.
Я рад что слова ╚ЯблО/У/А-Ке и голове╩ и ╚Гравитация╩ вызывают у вас определюнные ассоциации, осталось совсем немного поразмыслить (или отредактировать название ветки) чтоб понять что бомбой сбить самолёт невозможно.
----
Ни единого достойного "информативного" саита ВЫ - не предоставили
--------
Мне и дойсекса с его беллетристикой хватает, имеются также ТВ и бум.издания.
Остальное можно просто флудом и пустомельством назвать.
Как оно насчёт Кореи √ то, потом и дальше по списку пойдём?
----------
А фразу "Я как человек ленивый" говорите все Чаще и Чаще
---------
вы автоподпись мою не видели?
--------
Нет уж Ликвидатор, Укажите "Промахи", посадите в Лужу меня.
-------
Как оно насчёт Кореи √ то, потом и дальше по списку пойдём?
---------
Кто? Ах Вы? Или кто-нить другой?
---------
В ответ Agnitum 9/4/03 17:30
Особенно мило в этом списке Кувейт выглядит. Вот сволочи эти американцы, не позволили Саддаму Кувейт осчастливить
Не делай сегодня то что можно сделать завтра, потому что завтра это может не понадобится.
10.04.03 09:44
в ответ Agnitum 10.04.03 08:41
Вот они ╚мегабайты╩ да ещё и пурпурные, ну ладно начинаю практиковаться в иностранных языках, а вы пока про конец света покопайте, глядишь так и хинди аль суахили выучим, тож польза.
Не делай сегодня то что можно сделать завтра, потому что завтра это может не понадобится.
Не делай сегодня то что можно сделать завтра, потому что завтра это может не понадобится.
10.04.03 09:53
в ответ Altwad 10.04.03 09:37
В ответ на:--------
Нет уж Ликвидатор, Укажите "Промахи", посадите в Лужу меня.
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Как оно насч╦т Кореи √ то, потом и дальше по списку пойд╦м?
см ссылки.
В ответ на:------
Вы не раличаете разницы между "бомбы" и бомбы
------
По вашему написание слова БОМБЫ в кавычках делает е╦ равнозначной словосочетанию "наведении порядка".
Ну тады я пас┘┘┘. Так глупомысленомыслять мы не мог╦м.
Жаль што не можете. Смотрите Катрусин Кинозал дальше.
В ответ на:---------
Кто? Ах Вы? Или кто-нить другой?
---------
В ответ Агнитум 9/4/03 17:30
Особенно мило в этом списке Кувейт выглядит. Вот сволочи эти американцы, не позволили Саддаму Кувейт осчастливить
Ах это был вопрос а не ирония